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Where in Central Park? Marion Sims. The clue. Photo by Robyn Roth- Moiseclick to enlarge. Dedicated in 1. 89. Park perimeter at 1. Fifth Avenue, in honor of Dr. Marion Sims reported the. James Marion Sims published his now. James Marion Sims (1. He was a surgeon regarded as the father of modern gynecology. He also founded the first Woman’s Hospital of New York at 8. Madison Avenue (1. The statue was originally dedicated in Bryant Park and brought to this present site in 1. Academy of Medicine, of which Dr. James Marion Sims, MD LLD. The inscription reads: 'Surgeon. Keep up with what's happening in Central Park. PARK; Leaders in Medicine and Education Pay Tribute to Woman's Hospital Founder. NEW CITY POLICY HAILED Dr. Marion Sims; Born: January 25. Statue of Sims in New York's Central Park. Sims, James Marion (1866).
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Promoting a Culture of Lawfulness. Culture of Lawfulness ? Why is it a necessary condition? A culture of lawfulness means that the population in general follows the law and has a desire to access the justice system to address their grievances. It does not require that every single individual in that society believe in the feasibility or even the desirability of the rule of law but that the average person believes that formal laws are a fundamental part of justice or can be used to attain justice and that the justice system can enhance his or her life and society in general. Without a culture of lawfulness, the population will have no desire to access the system and may resort to violence to resolve grievances. For the rule of law to be fully realized, the population needs to follow the law and support its application voluntarily rather than through coercion. Guidance for Promoting a Culture of Lawfulness. Approach: Participation and Communication. Participation and communication can help build the foundations for a culture of lawfulness, which may not exist in a society emerging from conflict. Participation means that the population feels they are a part of the process and can use the law to improve their lives. Communication means that an open dialogue exists between the rule of law community and the population in general and that the public has the means to obtain information from the government. Support legal empowerment of marginalized communities. Legal empowerment refers to “the use of legal services and related development activities to increase disadvantaged populations’ control over their lives.” Legal empowerment aims to prevent the poor from being excluded from legally recognized systems, particularly concerning property and labor rights. This involves development that is community- driven and rights- based and is seen as an alternative to more conventional rule of law programs. Specific mechanisms for legal empowerment can include legal services that reduce poverty, promote the rights of marginalized populations, and connect these populations to the rule of law system. Focus on civil society initiatives that strengthen legal capacities and power of marginalized populations, but also engage the government wherever possible. Promote public participation. In many societies emerging from conflict, the population may be afraid to speak out and voice their opinions. They may have little experience with participation. The international community should promote participation in rule of law reforms. When the population starts to feel part of the process, they connect to their society, thus strengthening social cohesion and their investment in promoting the rule of law, and they begin to trust in their government and the justice system,3. Promote communication between the justice system and the population. In societies emerging from conflict, a lack of mutual understanding and trust commonly exists between the population and the justice system. The international community should support efforts to open the lines of communication to help enhance mutual trust and understanding through dialogue between the public and the justice system. Dialogue can be convened around key issues affecting both the population and the justice system or through permanent communication structures such as local community- police fora. These dialogue sessions can also provide a forum for justice actors and the population to put forward joint proposals for rule of law reforms. Here are the top 5 Program Coordinator Culture Of Lawfulness Project profiles on LinkedIn. Get all the articles, experts, jobs, and insights you need. Sustainability - Culture of Lawfulness Program Manager FEMSA. Facilitator, Culture of Lawfulness, Facilitator Facilitator, Culture of Lawfulness. The United States Institute of Peace. A culture of lawfulness means that the population in general follows the law and has a desire to access the justice system to address their. USIP Program Staff; Events. A Guide to Developing a Culture of Lawfulness. Roy Godson December 14, 2000 Palermo, Italy Professor of Government, Georgetown University President, National Strategy Information Center prepared for. In 2011, with assistance from INL and the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative’s “Culture of Lawfulness” program, Panama began a phased transition to a U.S.-style accusatory justice system, to accelerate case. Proposals (RFP) for Community Small Grants; Speaker Series. Embassy, and partners of the Culture of Lawfulness Program of the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. This unique educational program builds knowledge about the rule of law, develops supportive attitudes. The National Strategy Information Center’s Culture of Lawfulness project and the OAS. Another way to foster communication and understanding is to establish more permanent communication structures such as local community policing boards in which the police meet with the population on a regular basis to discuss issues of concern to both sides. Ensure transparency. For the media or civil society to be able to report on government conduct, there needs to be transparency in government operations that affords the population access to budget information and other government documents. Laws and procedures that provide for transparency (e. Approach: Education and Culture. The Federal Police has committed to implementing a Culture of Lawfulness program to reach all 32,000 members of the force. A 40- hour course for recruits has already been taught to 3,550 new officers in the 6 months since its. Building a culture of lawfulness involves civic- and school- based education, centers of moral authority, and mass media and popular culture. Strive to affect the way citizens understand, use, and value the law rather than just building institutions and structures in the society. These activities work to improve community- justice system relations and build knowledge, trust, and respect for the law and the justice system. Support school- based education. By including rule of law curriculum as part of school education for children, a strong culture of lawfulness message is sent not only to students but to the families and the community. School education programs should help young people understand how the rule of law improves quality of life and why they should follow the law, as well as develop knowledge of the justice system and skills for preventing crime. Involve centers of moral authority. Centers of moral authority might be faith- based institutions and leaders of religious movements, artists, writers, teachers, or locally well- known courageous figures. These individuals or groups can support a culture of lawfulness through their statements, teachings, and pastoral messages. For example, they may send messages to the population about the need to embrace the rule of law and about their roles and responsibilities. They may also mobilize the community against crime and openly condemn it. Engage the mass media and popular culture. The mass media and popular culture are powerful institutions in many countries. They can send strong messages that support a culture of lawfulness and the rule of law. The media can also expose crime and corruption and provide a forum for the population to express their views on the rule of law by covering related issues or topics and by providing a forum for national discussion. Popular culture, through films, popular songs, television, advertising, and art can all convey positive rule of law messages. The role of media outlets is discussed further in Section 8. Work with law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement agencies are at the front lines and are the first point of contact of the justice system with the population. Law enforcement officials should send a message that rule of law matters, that corruption will not be rewarded, and that officers are expected to ensure responsive, service- oriented policing. Accountability mechanisms also support a culture of lawfulness. Education of law enforcement officials is necessary, as are performance reviews that take into account how the official has upheld the rule of law. Community policing is addressed in Section 6. IT LOOKS LIKE IT IS SOME TYPE OF SHEET METAL EDGE BENDING TOOL. IT HAS THE NUMBER X5. Online shopping for Tools & Home Improvement from a great selection of Hand Tools, Power Tool Parts & Accessories, Power Tools, Tool Organizers & more at everyday low prices. Wrought Iron jig set bending tools. I would love to do this. Find great deals on eBay for Metal Bending Tools in Metalworking Tooling Equipment. 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Essentially, two things are obvious: numbers and. That has been true since the time of the ancient Greeks, and even. Egyptians and the Babylonians. You won't go. far wrong if you consider number and geometry still to make up the core of. Of course. mathematicians have, at least since Euclid, relied heavily on logic. But. it was only with the work of Gottfried Leibniz (1. This project matured slowly, with important. George Boole (1. 81. Bertrand Russell (1. Into this merged the set theory developed by. Georg Cantor (1. 84. Logic and set theory are now well. Perhaps logic will. Geometry was originally about things like points. Much later, by no longer. In another direction, by considering the relationship. These diverse mathematical constructs are all examples of. In another direction. Leibniz and Isaac Newton (1. Geometry. except for its most abstract incarnation as topology, depends on. Analysis has also evolved from dealing with functions. This process can. We will. discuss noncommutative geometry. These may be patterns which can be. In this case, we are talking about mathematical biology or. This is the stuff of . So lets turn now to more. Anyone with a good. Yet. undergraduate courses in these topics hardly touch on the questions. At the same time, there. But this situation need not. It is quite possible to sketch out the lay of the mathematical. In some cases, specialized branches disappear. And of course. new branches appear from time to time. What we can recognize as the main branches often have. But the modern form of these branches. There's good reason to think that these branches will. It can be traced back to the calculus of Newton. Leibniz. The primary object of study is functions - - correspondences. For example, in physics, the motion in space of a physical. Integration of functions. About 2. 00 years, or more, were required. This process is still going on. In. quantum field theory, for instance, there is a notion of integration (Feynman. They provided the framework which made it possible. In these terms, a continuous function is simply one which. That is, the unknown in the. The equation is usually. What is required is to find functions that satisfy the. For a Newtonian. equation of motion, the function which is a solution describes the. In some cases, there may be a unique function which is. These are usually. But things can become complicated quickly. When several. interacting objects are considered, the equations involve multiple. Even for a classical. Navier- Stokes equations. The first. step is to take a different point of view on differential equations and. The second step is to add both. Taking these two steps, one gets what is known as. Any finite dimensional vector. Hilbert space. The more interesting examples of Hilbert spaces, however. The axioms of linear algebra define the algebraic structure. Hilbert space. These axioms allow any two elements to be added together. Any element can also be multiplied. It does this. by making it possible to define a . This, in turn, makes it possible to define a . What this buys for you is the ability to talk about. This is because it is possible to prove powerful. Hilbert space, such as the . In. other words, the operator may change the length but not the direction of. Such elements are called . What is. so useful about that? Well, for instance, in quantum mechanics it. And there are ways. Given. Hilbert space as a model, there are generalizations that don't have. Hilbert space, such as the inner product. But one. can still consider vector spaces that are assumed to have a norm, without. There is a good. reason why such generalizations are worthwhile to make. The reason is. that important theorems may be proven in the more general case, without. The consequence is that the proofs are. Normally, in problems. Rn. with real coordinates). But from a mathematical perspective. But some of the results are strikingly. For example, if a complex function has even a. Functions of this kind. Another issue that is more prominent with complex functions. This situation requires. Riemann worked out how. This work provided. Today, complex analysis remains extremely useful as a tool in. Functional analysis is sufficiently generalized that its. Consequently, it is possible. The. concept of a vector space is very typical of most of algebra in the. One considers a set of abstract objects, describes how. The first example in mathematics came up in the theory of. So powerful was the technique. A field is a straightforward abstraction of already known classes. Fields are involved in the theory. This led eventually to the determination and classification. It was found that. But matrices consisted. The. matrices could be interpreted as a description of a transformation (mapping). This led to the algebraic notion. The basic group structure comes from the addition of vectors. A. commutative group is also described as . An axiom provides. Such matrix. transformation groups are in general not commutative, since. But these transformation. Lie groups. This process is called . Such representations are quite useful, because. Group representations are also fundamental in the application. Group representations can be used to describe. This is the study of finding solutions. This arises. naturally in questions of solving . But he later realized he. The assumption was in. Nevertheless, algebraic integers like ordinary integers. But Kummer was able to. His theory of ideals, however. David Hilbert, who gave us. Hilbert spaces, scored one of his earliest triumphs by producing an. It was for the 2. Modern Algebra. of B. In addition to algebraic number. The theory of groups is an example. In the. last few decades a complete classification of finite . A simple group is something. It has turned out that most. Lie groups. But there are. There are hints that some of these sporadic. Of course, geometry, in the sense that Euclid knew. Indeed, one of the major discoveries of the. Nicolai Lobachevsky (1. Janos Bolai (1. 80. Bernhard Riemann) was that such a. Euclidean geometry existed. Riemann contributed. What Hilbert was to modern analysis, Poincar. Point set topology is a thing apart. It. axiomatizes the notion of . But beyond that it doesn't loom large on the stage of modern. When a mathematician today refers to topology or geometry. A manifold also generalizes the. This is the area that Poincar. With a topological manifold, one is mainly concerned about. For this reason. topology is often referred to informally as . Formally, the allowable. Riemannian manifolds are considered equivalent under transformations. They can, therefore, be bent. This therefore, at least seemingly, is a. This notion is. that of . The intuitive idea is that. Doing physics this way provides an immense. Differentiable manifolds. Because the tangent space. Euclidean space, it has a natural metric. It is therefore. plausible that a differentiable manifold can be given a Riemannian metric. The converse, however, is. Riemannian manifolds which aren't smooth. Since a topological. Riemannian. geometric one, the distinction is not very great. Algebraic topology refers to the use of algebraic. These techniques involve. Unfortunately, having the same. What it's. about is studying the solution sets, in some specified algebraic field. So on. the face of it, the subject is very algebraic, being. What makes the subject topological is the fact it can be. The techniques. involve sophisticated tools drawn from many advanced areas of analysis. Unsurprisingly, therefore, it remains a very. Einstein's theory. Before Einstein, physicists never thought about those concepts. Einstein showed that in fact they were. Or. rather, that the theory of Riemannian geometry as developed by Riemann. Does that mean that the theory of gravity has been demonstrated. Most advanced theories in physics, such as superstring theory. The underlying reason this works is that. And. those equations, in turn, can be regarded as describing geometric entities. That idea still makes a great deal of sense. The only thing. changed is that the geometry used in this understanding is far. Johann Kepler's attempt, about 4. Platonic solids. How about number theory. Number theory is one of them. Three books of. Euclid's Elements, in fact, deal with the theory of numbers. This is. rather interesting when you stop to think about it, as number theory. In fact. it probably had even fewer practical applications in Euclid's day than now. It's a little different from the other. But it has. definitely motivated a lot of work and important theorems in the. In analysis it has motivated studies of. Riemann's zeta function, Riemann surfaces, and various kinds of special. The motivation for. And its effect on. How about still other branches? Mathematics deals with many other. For. computability theory. Most of these subject areas are rather like number theory (although. The resemblance is that. They. motivate work in other branches of the subject, but they give back. Its importance as. But of late it has also contributed. Yang- Mills equations and gauge theory, and topological invariants. In most other sciences. Hence in most sciences. Valid mathematics that. You can get some sense of that by how often 1. As a result, a great deal of background information on. This is undoubtedly one factor in the perception people have. However that may be, the cumulative. We'll do that in the pages. This trend is what appears to. To outsiders, it may look like mathematics continues to. And yet, when you look at the amount. In. fact, there are quite a number of frontier areas of mathematics which. We're going to talk about various examples. Some of them are questions that have been already. 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